Minos: how does indicate the place for each sinner?
 

Incontinence: Lust, Gluttony, Avarice, Prodigality, Anger
 

Measure, moderation (misura)
 

The Primary Good (Primum Bonum) (= God)

Secondary Goods

Incontinence is a sin committed ex infirmitate / ex passione (out of weakness/passion) (involves oneself)

Malice is a sin committed ex electione / ex intentione (out of choice/intention) (involves others)

The Lustful Sinners:

Semiramis

Dido

Cleopatra

Helen

Paris

Achilles

Tristan
 

The hierarchy of sins and the rule of placement: the case of Dido
 

Paolo and Francesca

Gianciotto

the "love" tercets: Guido Guinizzelli / Andreas Capellanus (De arte oneste amandi: The Art of Courtly Love)

Lancelot and Guinevere

Dante's collapse at the end of the canto
 
 

Cerberus: the nature of the infernal guardians

Virgil's action to silence Cerberus

Cerberus's connection with Lucifer

The appearance of the souls: incorporeality, but...

Ciacco, the first Florentine sinner

Gluttony = rampant consumerism

The human body --> body politic

Florence: the first prophecy concerning the "divided city"

The clash between human and divine perspectives: the "ben far" (the good)

The Last Judgment: the "vera perfezion" (true perfection)
 
 

Plutus and his garbled speech

Virgil alters the "formula"

Michael the Archangel

The avaricious and prodigal: their punishment and movement in the circle

The discussion of Fortune

The four positions of the person on the wheel of Fortune and their accompanying descriptive phrase:

Regno: I reign, I am master
Regnavi: I have reigned
Sum sine regno: I am without possessions
Regnabo: I shall reign

The descent to the marsh of the Styx

Styx: the "moral" geography (Servius: "the Styx is named from sadness": "a tristitia Styx dicta est")

Three classes of wrathful (St. Thomas): acutos (easily angered); difficiles (vindictive); amaros (sullen)

The mysterious tower(s): what is going on here?

Phlegyas

Filippo Argenti, the wrathful Florentine: his particular relationship to Dante

The limits of anger: bona ira (righteous anger) and mala ira (sinful anger)

The approach to the City of Dis and the "defeat" of Virgil at the hands of the rebellious angels

The tension before the gates of Dis

The Furies and the threat of the Medusa

Theseus, the Duke of Athens

The address to the reader: forward or backward looking?

The coming of the Divine Messenger
 
 

Heresy: a sin of the speculative intellect (not incontinence or malice, not a sin of the appetite nor of the will), which is caused primarily by pride

The heretics, Epicureans (denied the immortality of the soul and the existence of the afterlife) (finite, earth-based vision)

The creation of surrogates of the deity:

Farinata degli Uberti: his own "trinity" (self, family, party)

Cavalcante dei Cavalcanti (Guido's father): the supremacy of intellect

Iconographic inversion, perversion, parody
 
 

Classification of sins: Incontinence and Malice: with force / with fraud

Incontinence: a sin committed ex infirmitate / ex passione (out of weakness/passion) (involves oneself): passion is aroused by something extrinsic, and this causes the movement of the will to sin

Malice: a sin committed ex electione / ex intentione (out of choice/intention) (involves others): the movement of the will to sin is caused by something intrinsic
 

The Minotaur: mad bestiality

The violent against others, immersed in the Phlegethon, which is patrolled by the centaurs (Chiron, Nessus, Pholus, etc.)

The nature of the infernal guardians in Lower Hell
 

The violent against themselves: the wood of the suicides

Pier delle Vigne

The anonymous Florentine suicide

The squanderers of their substance

The burning sand: the violent against God: the blasphemers

Capaneus, one of the Seven Kings against Thebes

The Old Man of Crete (il Veglio di Creta) and the origin of the infernal rivers: Acheron, Styx, Phlegethon, Cocytus

The burning sand: the violent against God's child Nature: the sodomites

Brunetto Latini, Florentine intellectual: Il Tesoro, Il Tesoretto (The Treasure, The Little Treasure)

"How man makes himself eternal"

The three Florentine sodomites: Guido Guerra, Jacopo Rusticucci, and Tegghiaio Aldobrandi

Dante's "cord" and the advent of Geryon
 

Geryon

The violent against God's grandchild Human Industry: the usurers

The money bags that hang around the usurers' neck that bear the heraldic coat of arms

The descent to the Malebolge ("Evil Pouches") on Geryon's back
 

The eighth circle: Malebolge ("Evil Pouches"): the ten concentric ditches (bolge)

Malebolge (< "Le Balze" outside Volterra)

Pope Boniface VIII proclaims the Jubilee Year (1300) with promises of plenary indulgences

The first bolgia: the panders (Venedico Caccianemico) and seducers (Jason)

Humor through derisive language and laughter

The second bolgia: the flatterers (Alessio Interminei da Lucca and Thais)

Harshness of language